Cogumelos comestíveis silvestres: coleta, identificação, seleção e cultivo em blocos de resíduos agroindustriais

Abstract

This study aimed to cultivate wild edible mushrooms in cultivation blocks of agro-industrial residues. Monthly collections were carried out from October 2025 to March 2026, using a qualitative-quantitative methodology, with identification based on macro and microscopic morphological characteristics. In total, 17 species were recorded, distributed across 08 orders, 10 families, and 12 taxonomic genera. Among the species, 3 were selected, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Lentinula edodes, to be cultivated in agro-industrial residue blocks. This work arises in a context of concern regarding the sustainability of industrial processes. The search for more ecological approaches and greater integration between processes proves to be important in a world concerned with probable environmental consequences of uncontrolled industrialization. Edible mushrooms are protein-rich foods whose production shows higher energy efficiency than meat, especially because they can use local agro-industrial residues as raw material. Marupá wood sawdust, banana pseudostem, and coconut husk are abundant agroindustrial residues in Parintins/AM, while rice and corn generate residues in many regions of Brazil and the world. These three residues are rich in fibers and have different protein contents. These residues are often disposed of inappropriately, generally due to the low economic potential associated with them and the high transportation costs. In this context, the development of fungi was studied in different substrate formulations containing sawdust, banana pseudostem, and coconut husk (as a lignocellulosic base) and crushed rice and corn (as protein supplementation). Fungal productivity was analyzed based on biological efficiency. It was found that productivity was more efficient in formulations containing sawdust and banana pseudostem, especially when supplemented with rice, but almost negligible for formulations with coconut husk, with the species Lentinula edodes showing the best biological efficiency, 50% in a sawdust block supplemented with crushed rice and 40% when supplemented with crushed corn. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that by improving pH adjustment techniques and investigating the effect of moisture and bulk density on substrate aeration, higher efficiencies can be achieved, making production economically attractive. As an additional product of the research, an educational e-book was developed titled "Mushroom Cultivation Guide: block preparation and cultivation in Agroindustrial Residues," with the aim of promoting Mycology, the habit of consuming edible mushrooms, and scientific dissemination.